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By: Texas Education Agency
The best strategy for developing reading fluency is to provide your students with many opportunities to read the same passage orally several times. To do this, you should first know what to have your students read. Second, you should know how to have your students read aloud repeatedly.
Guidelines for instruction
- Provide children with opportunities to read and reread a range of stories and informational texts by reading on their own, partner reading, or choral reading.
- Introduce new or difficult words to children, and provide practice reading these words before they read on their own.
- Include opportunities for children to hear a range of texts read fluently and with expression.
- Suggest ideas for building home-school connections that encourage families to become involved actively in children's reading development.
- Encourage periodic timing of children's oral reading and recording of information about individual children's reading rate and accuracy.
- Model fluent reading, then have students reread the text on their own.
What students should read
Fluency develops as a result of many opportunities to practice reading with a high degree of success. Therefore, your students should practice rereading aloud texts that are reasonably easy for them – that is, texts containing mostly words that they know or can decode easily. In other words, the texts should be at the students' independent reading level.
A text is at students' independent reading level if they can read it with about 95% accuracy. If the text is more difficult, students will focus on word recognition and will not have an opportunity to develop fluency.
The text your students practice rereading orally should also be relatively short – probably 50-200 words, depending on the age of the students. You should also use a variety of reading materials, including stories, nonfiction, and poetry. Poetry is especially well suited to fluency practice because poems for children are often short and they contain rhythm, rhyme, and meaning, making practice easy, fun, and rewarding.
Model fluent reading
By listening to good models of fluent reading, students learn how a reader's voice can help written text make sense. Read aloud daily to your students. By reading effortlessly and with expression, you are modeling for your students how a fluent reader sounds during reading.
Repeated reading
After you model how to read the text, you must have the students reread it. By doing this, the students are engaging in repeated reading. Usually, having students read a text four times is sufficient to improve fluency. Remember, however, that instructional time is limited, and it is the actual time that students are actively engaged in reading that produces reading gains.
Have other adults read aloud to students. Encourage parents or other family members to read aloud to their children at home. The more models of fluent reading the children hear, the better. Of course, hearing a model of fluent reading is not the only benefit of reading aloud to children. Reading to children also increases their knowledge of the world, their vocabulary, their familiarity with written language ('book language'), and their interest in reading.
Activities for students to increase fluency
There are several ways that your students can practice orally rereading text, including student-adult reading, choral (or unison) reading, tape-assisted reading, partner reading, and readers' theatre.
Student-adult reading
In student-adult reading, the student reads one-on-one with an adult. The adult can be you, a parent, a classroom aide, or a tutor. The adult reads the text first, providing the students with a model of fluent reading. Then the student reads the same passage to the adult with the adult providing assistance and encouragement. The student rereads the passage until the reading is quite fluent. This should take approximately three to four rereadings.
Choral reading
In choral, or unison, reading, students read along as a group with you (or another fluent adult reader). Of course, to do so, students must be able to see the same text that you are reading. They might follow along as you read from a big book, or they might read from their own copy of the book you are reading. For choral reading, choose a book that is not too long and that you think is at the independent reading level of most students. Patterned or predictable books are particularly useful for choral reading, because their repetitious style invites students to join in. Begin by reading the book aloud as you model fluent reading.
Then reread the book and invite students to join in as they recognize the words you are reading. Continue rereading the book, encouraging students to read along as they are able. Students should read the book with you three to five times total (though not necessarily on the same day). At this time, students should be able to read the text independently.
Tape-assisted reading
In tape-assisted reading, students read along in their books as they hear a fluent reader read the book on an audiotape. For tape-assisted reading, you need a book at a student's independent reading level and a tape recording of the book read by a fluent reader at about 80-100 words per minute. The tape should not have sound effects or music. For the first reading, the student should follow along with the tape, pointing to each word in her or his book as the reader reads it. Next, the student should try to read aloud along with the tape. Reading along with the tape should continue until the student is able to read the book independently, without the support of the tape.
Partner reading
In partner reading, paired students take turns reading aloud to each other. For partner reading, more fluent readers can be paired with less fluent readers. The stronger reader reads a paragraph or page first, providing a model of fluent reading. Then the less fluent reader reads the same text aloud. The stronger student gives help with word recognition and provides feedback and encouragement to the less fluent partner. The less fluent partner rereads the passage until he or she can read it independently. Partner reading need not be done with a more and less fluent reader. In another form of partner reading, children who read at the same level are paired to reread a story that they have received instruction on during a teacher-guided part of the lesson. Two readers of equal ability can practice rereading after hearing the teacher read the passage.
Readers' theatre
In readers' theatre, students rehearse and perform a play for peers or others. They read from scripts that have been derived from books that are rich in dialogue. Students play characters who speak lines or a narrator who shares necessary background information. Readers' theatre provides readers with a legitimate reason to reread text and to practice fluency. Readers' theatre also promotes cooperative interaction with peers and makes the reading task appealing.
Excerpted from: Guidelines for Examining Phonics and Word Recognition Programs, Texas Reading Initiative, Texas Education Agency (2002)
Comments and Recommendations
2 comments |As a golf blogger myself, I read a lot of golf blog sites! Some are terrific, others are downright terrible. This week, I’ve rounded up my favorite golf blogs and what makes each of these bloggers unique. They all have something valuable to share for the amateur golfer, so check them out!
Sean Ogle at Breaking Eighty is a man after my own heart.
A fellow amateur like myself, Sean’s blog is all about his quest to be a better golfer. He writes about everything from product reviews like the best golf pants in the world…to travel and golf in the Maldives…to his most recent breakthrough round where he shot 77.
Sean’s content is always excellent and thorough, and his website design is spot-on, making it easy to navigate and explore. Most inspiring to me is his quest to play the Top 100 golf courses in the U.S. and the world by the age of 35!
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Jake Hower over at Hunting Scratch is my favorite multimedia blogger. His podcasts and video blogs (“vlogs”) focus on a variety of topics aimed at helping the amateur golfer, including practice plans, mechanics, golf fitness, and my personal favorite – a review of the Arccos Golf Performance Tracker.
You can subscribe to his weekly podcasts through iTunes by clicking here.
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Adam Young is a teaching pro with a pretty sweet blog! He focuses on helping golfers develop better techniques and enhance their mental game. With cutting-edge theories, he can help you lower your scores if you heed his advice!
My favorite posts of his are:
1) Are you a Baller? Or a One-Baller? Just hope you’re not a one-baller…
2) Top Myths in Golf, where he analyzes the variation in swings of top professionals in an attempt to dispel myths about the requirements of a perfect swing.
Oh yeah, and he’s also a published author. Check out his book “The Practice Manual”.
John & Doug at GolfDash Blog have been publishing great content for 10 years. That’s an eternity in the blog world! With a decade of archives, there’s a lot of great posts and podcasts to explore.
Their content focuses mostly on golf performance, with posts ranging from kinesiology taping to grip pressure to playing your best in foul conditions.
I love the variety of their content! Heck, they have 68 posts alone dedicated to Tiger Woods!
Golf State of Mind is a blog run by David MacKenzie, a performance coach focusing on the mental game of golf.
His blog is dedicated to all facets of the mental game, aimed at helping golfers overcome anger, fear, and the dreaded yips.
One of my favorite posts is 5 Ways to Play Better Golf Under Pressure. I really struggle with the pressure of competitive rounds and his advice in this post is helpful: “How we respond in pressure situations can be improved with regular mental exercises. Set a little time aside each day to imagine yourself in high-pressure situations that you fear, and work on controlling your physical and emotional response.”
I also really like The 7 Habits of Highly Successful Golfers, a post that golfers should bookmark and refer to frequently.
Patrick Koenig at PJKoenig Golf Photography is an incredibly talented photographer with a blog dedicated to the beauty of golf. I could drool over the photos on his site for hours!
The love he has for the game comes alive in each of his photos, and not surprisingly, he has quite the following on Instagram.
He writes about his recent trip to the Masters (no cameras allowed inside, unfortunately!), his round at Whistling Straits where he talks about the most fun he’s had photographing a course, and for the men reading this looking for some eye candy, his round at Pebble Beach with Paige Spiranac.
Tape Reading 101 Course Tiger Balm
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Well, there you have it! I hope you’ll check out these blogs and I hope they inspire you to improve your game and have more fun out on the course!