Oleh : DR. Makarim Wibisono Universitas Slamet Riyadi Surakarta 8 Juni 2012
Praktek Pelajaran Eko. Internasional:
  Perdagangan internasional : membutuhkan mengambil ekonomi mikro terdahulu. Aspek mikro meliputi jual beli secara internasional. Dalam ekonomi mikro mencakup faktor pasar hasil produksi dan pasar faktor produksi.  Keuangan Internasional dan Investasi: membutuhkan ekonomi makro karena menyangkut masalah uang, bank dan lalu lintas modal.
Bedanya dengan ekonomi nasional:
 Immobilitas faktor produksi:
Lingkungan eksternal berbeda:
• tenaga kerja, alat atau mesin serta modal.
• sistim sospol, sistim ekonomi, sistim perbankan, kebudayaan termasuk bahasa.
Factor endowment • berbeda sehingga harga barang juga berbeda.
Perdagangan Internasional
 The Mercantilists : nation building
David Ricardo: comparative advantage
Adam Smith: free trade
Faktor Proporsi (Hecksher & Ohlin)
Faktor price equalization (P. Samuelson)
Partial Theory
The Mercantilists: Nation Building  A Group of early economists called the mercantilists, who were active in the period 1500-1800.  They believed that a country should always export more than it imports, thereby gaining gaining what they called “treasure”-silver and goldfrom other countries.
 An influx of treasure was supposed to stimulate economic activity and provide the revenue necessary to build a stronger nation.
The Mercantilists preference
 Is defined as the difference between the value of exports and the value of imports in a specified period ( a month, quarter, or year ).  By convention the BOT is said to be favorable when exports exceed imports in value.

Adam Smith (1723-1790) : Free Trade
  He argued that the wealth of a nation would expand most rapidly if the government would abandon mercantilistic controls over domestic and foreign economic activities and permit consumers and producers greater freedom to follow their own selfinterests.  Each nation would imports goods from the cheapest overseas source, and would in turn exports those products in which it had a price advantage.
Liberal perspective  Considerable efficiency gains arise as each nation specializes in those goods it can produce most cheaply within a system of international division of labor.
Laissez-faire 
The principle that that government should minimize its role in the economy, confining itself to the maintenance of law and order, defense, and a few public services.
Absolute Advantage  Tenaga kerja yg diperlukan per unit: AS
UK
Gandum
8
10
Pakaian
4
2
David Ricardo: Comparative Advantage

 David Ricardo (1772-1823) in his “Principles of Political Economy” (1817).  Even the least efficient, highestcost nation in the world could benefit from trade.
Comparative Cost  Hari kerja yg dipakai untuk memproduksi: Anggur (1 botol)
Pakaian (1 yard)
Portugis
3 hari
4 hari
UK
6 hari
5 hari
Portugis utk anggur 3/6 < 4/5 or 3/4 < 6/5 Inggris utk pakaian 5/4 < 6/3 or 5/6